Human TNF-alpha ELISPOT Kit

背景（Background）

CAR-T (chimeric antigens receptor-T) cell therapy is a breakthrough therapy of the twenty-first century for the management of different malignancies including lymphomas and leukemias.However, the clinical benefit observed in many patients may come at a cost. In up to one-third of patients, significant toxicities occur that are directly associated with the induction of powerful immune effector responses. The most frequently observed immune-mediated toxicities are cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome.Pathogenesis of CRS was found to be mediated by a hyperactivated immune response with an overproduction of inflammatory cytokinesm,include IL-1β,IL-2,IL-6,TNF-alpha,IFN-gamma and others.Considering the frequency of cytokine release syndrome after CAR-T administration, strategies enabling timely prediction of impending CRS are a clinical need.

ELISpot assays are highly reproducible and sensitive, and can be used to measure responses with frequencies well below 1 in 100,000,and the assay do not require prior in vitro expansion of T cells and they are suitable for high-throughput analysis using only small volumes of primary cells. As such, ELISpot assays are useful tools for research in vaccine development, cytokine secretion and the monitoring of various clinical trials.

The Human TNF-alpha ELISPOT Kit is designed for the detection of Human TNF-alpha secreting cells at the single cell level and can be used to quantitate the frequency of Human TNF-alpha secreting cells.

应用说明（Application）

This kit is used to detect TNF-alpha at the cellular level.

It is for research use only.

重构方法（Reconstitution）

Please see Certificate of Analysis for details of reconstitution instruction and specific concentration.

存储（Storage）

1. Unopened kit should be stored at 2℃-8℃ upon receiving.

2. Find the expiration date on the outside packaging and do not use reagents past their expiration date.

3. Please use it up once you opened it.

原理（Assay Principles）

ELISpot assays employ the quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The Kit consists of Pre-coated Anti-TNF-α Antibody Microplate, Positive Stimulus, Biotin-Anti-TNF-α Antibody, Streptavidin-HRP, AEC and buffers.

Your experiment will include 6 simple steps:

a) A monoclonal antibody specific for human TNF-α has been pre-coated onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-backed microplate.

b) Appropriately stimulated cells are pipetted into the wells and the microplate is placed into a humidified 37 °C CO2 incubator for a specified period of time.During this incubation period, the immobilized antibody in the immediate vicinity of the secreting cells binds secreted TNF-α.

c) After washing away any cells and unbound substances, a biotinylated antibody specific for human TNF-α is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound biotinylated antibody, HRP conjugated to streptavidin is added.

d) Wash the plate and add the Streptavidin-HRP diluted by Dilution Buffer to the plate.

e) Wash the plate and add AEC. A reddish-brown colored precipitate forms and appears as spots at the sites of cytokine localization, with each individual spot representing an individual TNF-α secreting cell.

f) SThe spots can be counted with an automated ELISpot reader system or manually using a stereomicroscope.