分子别名（Synonym）
PDCD1,PD1,CD279,SLEB2
表达区间及表达系统（Source）
Rat PD-1, His Tag (PD1-R52H2) is expressed from human 293 cells (HEK293). It contains AA Leu 25 - Gln 167 (Accession # NP_001100397.1).
Predicted N-terminus: Leu 25
蛋白结构（Molecular Characterization）
This protein carries a polyhistidine tag at the C-terminus.
The protein has a calculated MW of 18.1 kDa. The protein migrates as 30-44 kDa under reducing (R) condition (SDS-PAGE).
内毒素（Endotoxin）
Less than 1.0 EU per μg by the LAL method.
纯度（Purity）
>95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.
制剂（Formulation）
Lyophilized from 0.22 μm filtered solution in PBS, pH7.4. Normally trehalose is added as protectant before lyophilization.
Contact us for customized product form or formulation.
重构方法（Reconstitution）
Please see Certificate of Analysis for specific instructions.
For best performance, we strongly recommend you to follow the reconstitution protocol provided in the CoA.
存储（Storage）
For long term storage, the product should be stored at lyophilized state at -20°C or lower.
Please avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
This product is stable after storage at:
- -20°C to -70°C for 12 months in lyophilized state;
- -70°C for 3 months under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
电泳（SDS-PAGE）
Rat PD-1, His Tag on SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) condition. The gel was stained overnight with Coomassie Blue. The purity of the protein is greater than 95%.
活性（Bioactivity）-ELISA
Immobilized Rat PD-1, His Tag (Cat. No. PD1-R52H2) at 2 μg/mL (100 μL/well) can bind Mouse PD-L1, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag, low endotoxin (Cat. No. PD1-M52A2) with a linear range of 0.02-0.313 μg/mL (QC tested).
Protocol
背景（Background）
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is also known as CD279 and PDCD1, is a type I membrane protein and is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, myeloid cells and a subset of thymocytes. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines. PD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer.
